There are no immediate comparison studies since, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to employ labeled cotinine as a means of measuring the NMR in adolescent smokers. However, when looking at the effect of metabolism on CPD, other studies in adolescent smokers had results similar to the adult findings, in that slower metabolizers reported smoking fewer CPD (13, 14, 16). Because these studies used different methods from the current study (e.g., two used genotyping and one used already addicted adolescent smokers), it is not possible to accurately compare these groups with the participants in the current study.
