Several baseline differences emerged between blacks and whites. Blacks were more likely to have an income below $25,000, to be unemployed, male, single, less educated, and older compared to whites (Table 1). They were also more likely than whites to be alcohol dependent at baseline, have attended formal substance use treatment at baseline or prior, have utilized AA prior to baseline, and to have higher severity scores in all domains except medical and social. At each follow-up there were a proportion of participants who utilized both formal treatment and AA. Among the participants who attended formal treatment, the proportion who also attended AA ranged from 65% at the 3-year follow-up to 77% at the 5-year follow-up. Among the participants who attended AA, the proportion who also attended treatment ranged from 37% at the 5-year follow-up to 46% at the 1-year follow-up.
