The sample average for AAB in the COGA fGWAS sample was 1.76 criteria (s.d.=1.76; range=0–7), which was significantly lower than in the case–control data set (unpaired t-test: t(3137)=11.21, P<0.01). A total of 498 (28%) participants (330 males and 168 females) met criterion A for ASPD. There was no evidence for replication of ABCB1 with AAB in the fGWAS sample (P=0.88), nor did any of the other genes or gene sets from Tables 2 and 3 replicate at P<0.05.