Over several decades, electrophysiological brain signals recorded from the human scalp have provided a set of heritable quantitative measures of resting state (electroencephalogram, EEG) and of neurocognitive function during cognitive tasks (event-related potentials, ERPs) and their time-frequency constituents (event-related oscillations, EROs). Electrophysiological measures have proven to be highly useful in studying neurocognitive functions that unfold at the millisecond range of the time scale (compared to other neuroimaging methods, such as fMRI, PET, etc.). EROs represent the basic mechanisms of neural communication during cognitive tasks (Basar, 1999a), and they provide links to associative and integrative brain functions (Basar, 1999b) that can be used to investigate neurocognitive processes in normal as well as clinical conditions (Basar, 2013). Specific frequency bands within ERO responses are associated with particular cognitive processes (Basar, 1999b; Klimesch, 1999; Basar et al., 2001a; Kahana, 2006) based on the context and demand of the task.
