Resiliency was assessed by observer ratings using the California Child Q-Sort common language version (Block and Block, 1980, Caspi et al., 1992) for participants when they were 12–15 years (mean 13.5±0.9) as part of the ongoing MLS (Martel et al., 2007). The Q-sort was completed by clinically-trained assessors, blinded to family history status of subjects, following a 3–4 hour interview/testing protocol with the child (Shedler and Block, 1990). The Q-Sort consists of 100 cards that must be placed in a forced-choice, nine-category normal distribution. The assessor described the subject by placing descriptive cards in one of the categories, ranging from 1 (least descriptive) to 9 (most descriptive). The resiliency scale was indexed by eleven items suggested by Eisenberg et al. (2003, 1997), e.g., is resourceful in initiating activities; uses and responds to reason. All items scored are listed in Supplemental Table S1. Scores are means of item totals with high scores indicative of more resiliency. Resiliency has been shown relatively stable over time (Hart et al., 1998) which was also true in our sample (3.0–17.9 years, r=0.27, p<0.01, (Martel et
