Pre-pregnancy behavioural counselling interventions have been trialled for women at risk of high drinking and a US Task Force Report on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has shown many to be successful in increasing the likelihood of alcohol-free pregnancies through better use of effective contraception if not planning a pregnancy and/or a general reduction in alcohol use [36]. The challenge remains, however, to implement sustainable, multi-risk-level population-based prevention strategies in the primary care setting, aimed at all women of child bearing age [37].
