to leprosy and to intracellular pathogens57. It remains to be determined to what extent these associations reflect systems or processes that underlie PTSD pathophysiology, but we now have gene candidates discovered and replicated through unbiased searches that can be further examined in relation to their putative biological relationships to PTSD and other stress- and anxiety-related conditions. (See Supplementary Note for discussion of fine-mapping, functional annotation, and CADD scores.)