Additional phenomena may also relate to both an earlier AFD and a greater future risk for heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems. These include male gender, prior substance use, as well as correlates of conduct problems such as fights, school problems, and related phenomena (Hingson et al., 2006; Rhee et al., 2003; Slutske et al., 1998; Young et al., 2000). Other studies have also raised the possibility of the importance to both AFD and future alcohol problems for childhood histories of depression and anxiety, heavier drinking among peers and a family history (FH) of AUDs (Kuperman et al., 2005; McGue et al., 2001a; Sartor et al., 2006; Schuckit et al., 2009a). One aspect of FH, genetic factors, may be a more robust contributor toward heavier drinking than toward AFD itself (Hingson et al., 2006; Rhee et al., 2003).
