For analyses of the behavioral data, percentages of correct responses (button press to targets, no press to novels) were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA with condition as within-subjects factor, and group and gender as between-subjects factors. A d’-like sensitivity measure dL (logistic distribution; Snodgrass & Corwin, 1988) was calculated from the hit rates for targets and the false alarm rates for novels and submitted to a two-way ANOVA with group and gender. This ANOVA design was also used for the mean latency of correct responses to targets.