Males were more likely than females to be raised by both biological parents until age 16 (Table 3). For participants who were separated from one or both parents, the mean age of separation was 10.7 years (SD 6.0). Females were more likely than males to have had a poor relationship with their mother during childhood and adolescence, and to experience problematic parental substance use, childhood sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect (Table 3). Males were more likely to have experienced childhood physical punishment. Forty percent of participants had ever received injuries as a result of physical punishment from a parent or another adult member of the family or household.
