— the degree to which separate association studies provide the same outcome as a result of shared ancestry of study participants — is unknown, so that it remains uncertain how likely a replication study is to detect a risk variant under the hypothesis that the variant has the same disease effect in all populations; the probability of pseudoreplicating a false positive across populations is also unknown. Although efforts have been devoted to statistical issues of replication in relation to sample size and measured effect size122,123, studies of the population genetics of replication are in their infancy. As the frequency of replication studies continues to increase, methods for evaluating intrinsic correlations between study outcomes and their effects on interpretations of replication studies would provide a useful development.
