The relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent substance use is widely documented. Effective monitoring is typically based on parents’ knowledge of their children's activities both in and outside of their home (Kerr, Stattin, & Burk, 2010), as well as acquaintance with their adolescents’ friends or dating partners, and may include limits or restrictions on their activities and associations (Laird, Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 2003). Parental substance use decreases the amount of monitoring parents provide to adolescents (Chassin et al., 1996; Dishion, Patterson, & Reid, 1988), which is a cause for concern since monitoring in turn reduces the likelihood of adolescent substance use and heavy use (Clark, Shamblen, Ringwalt, & Hanley, 2012; Engels & Van der Vorst, 2003; Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Lockman, 2003; Van der Vorst et al., 2006).
