gain conditions may reflect the need for cognitive control to process goal-relevant information, such as decision making and action selection, based on choice-relevant information (approach-avoidance, reward-punishment, success-failure, etc.) for optimal functioning in the environment 82. In this study, the COGA Prospective participants were included in the COGA discovery GWAS. We, therefore, examined the sensitivity of our discovery findings to exclusion of these overlapping individuals from the Prospective sample. The resulting GWAS found that while statistical significance decreased in some instances due to the decrease in sample size, the overall results remained highly consistent (e.g., for the EA-only finding of Drinking more than intended, the p-value decreased from 6.72E-09 to 3.61E-08; data not shown), indicating that the overlapping subjects were not solely responsible for the GWS findings from the discovery GWAS.
