as well as induced action potentials (Fig. 5c). Whole-cell current recordings under voltage clamp revealed both fast activating and inactivating sodium current responses as well as outward currents mediated by potassium channels (Fig. 5d). Finally, post synaptic currents could be recorded in these neurons, which are blocked by application of CNQX, a specific AMPA receptor blocker (Fig. 5e,f), suggesting they receive glutamatergic neuronal inputs from the excitatory neurons in the outer chamber.