Second, somewhat more interactions with environmental risk factors were detected for GR-ExtD than for GR-AUD. This would suggest that the genetic vulnerability for externalizing disorder is more environmentally malleable than the genetic risks for AUDs. This finding is broadly consistent with the large literature that emphasizes the strong role of social–environmental factors in the etiology of externalizing disorders (e.g. Thornberry et al. 1993; Dishion et al. 1995; Hawkins et al. 1998; Farrington, 2005; Granic & Patterson, 2006).
