Using electroencephalography (EEG) techniques, COGA's neurophysiological battery records voltage oscillations originating from the cortical surface of the brain, by use of non‐invasive scalp electrodes (Figure 1A). These high‐temporal resolution recordings provide millisecond by millisecond indices of ensembles of neurons firing in synchrony during resting state (resting EEG) and during sensory, behavioral and cognitive tasks, from which event‐related potentials (ERPs) and event‐related oscillations (EROs) are derived. Although fMRI provides superior spatial (including subcortical) resolution to precisely pinpoint brain structures involved, the fine time‐scale and wide range of frequency bands provided by neurophysiological recordings may prove important for understanding subtle neural communication during sensory and cognitive processing relevant to neuropsychiatric outcomes. COGA's neurophysiological battery is designed to assess aspects of brain function that may be aberrant in AUD and/or involved in a vulnerability to increase risk to develop AUD. COGA's neurophysiological and neuropsychological batteries have evolved over time, both to stay current with state‐of‐the‐science development of brain function measures, and to the best capture brain functioning throughout the different stages of the lifespan focused on with each phase of data collection (e.g.,
