see also115), whereas a significant excess of rare coding variants was found in 4 genes for hypertriglyceridemia116. Considerable resolution of the burden of deleterious rare variants will no doubt emerge in the next few years as whole exome and genome sequencing ramps up117,118. Interpretation will be complicated by the natural tendency to under-report negative results, by difficult statistical issues119, as well as the problem of how to define regulatory effects.