inhibitory RNAs, self-administration of alcohol is reduced [36*], showing that reduction of TLR4 in a single brain region is sufficient to reduce alcohol administration. Furthermore, knockout mice lacking the TLR4 adaptor protein, CD14, drink less alcohol [26] and are resistant to the LPS-induced increase in alcohol consumption, consistent with TLR4 being the site of action of LPS and mediating the behavioral actions of alcohol [26].
