harmful than European American parents. Similarly, Johnson and Johnson (1999) reported that African American parents tend to be especially strict regarding alcohol use among their children, thus serving as an important buffer against use among African American adolescents. Studies have also shown that African American parents are more likely than parents of other ethnicities to closely monitor their adolescent’s activities and whereabouts (e.g., Borawski, Ievers-Landis, Lovegreen, & Trapl, 2003; Wallace & Muroff, 2002).
