Subjects (probands) for these analyses were 397 men who completed baseline (Time 1 or T1) evaluations and all follow ups from approximate ages 20 to 50 in the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS) (Schuckit et al., in press; Schuckit and Smith, 1996, 2011). These men represent 90.0% of 442 individuals who entered the study, were alive at the age 50 follow-up, and participated in all evaluations at 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20), 25 (T25) and 30 (T30) years. At T1, these subjects responded to mailed questionnaires distributed annually between 1978 and 1988 to new groups of 18-to-25-year-old Caucasian (including White Hispanic) students and nonacademic staff at the University of California, San Diego, selecting those who indicated they had experience with alcohol but never developed an AUD or SUD. For the ~60% who responded, additional exclusion criteria included bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or the report of physical problems that precluded alcohol challenges. The original protocol was limited to males to optimize the rate of expression of AUDs over time, and to Caucasians because few African-Americans attended UCSD and 40% of Asians
