through negative feedback loops involving down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) protein levels (Taganov et al., 2006). TLR signaling has been linked to alcohol consumption in human alcoholics and rodent models [for review see (Crews and Vetreno, 2016; Mayfield et al., 2013; Robinson et al., 2014)]. IRAK1 and TRAF6 have also been implicated in mediating alcohol actions (Vallés et al., 2004). These studies support the hypothesis that miRNAs that regulate innate immune signaling are also important in modulating the effects of chronic alcohol in the brain.
