In terms of clinical applications of RP, the most notable development in the last decade has been the emergence and increasing application of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) for addictive behaviors [112,113]. Given supportive data for the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in other behavioral domains, especially in prevention of relapse of major depression [114], there is increasing interest in MBRP for addictive behaviors. The merger of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral approaches is appealing from both theoretical and practical standpoints [115] and MBRP is a potentially effective and cost-efficient adjunct to CBT-based treatments. In contrast to the cognitive restructuring strategies typical of traditional CBT, MBRP stresses nonjudgmental attention to thoughts or urges. From this standpoint, urges/cravings are labeled as transient events that need not be acted upon reflexively. This approach is exemplified by the "urge surfing" technique [115], whereby clients are taught to view urges as analogous to an ocean wave that rises, crests, and diminishes. Rather than being overwhelmed by the wave, the goal is to "surf" its crest, attending to thoughts and sensations as the urge peaks and subsides.
