adult and adolescent cohorts, in addition to examining age and gender differences. While previous studies have found ADHD to be associated with early stages of smoking, such as regular smoking (e.g., Kollins et al., 2005) in this study we found no association with nicotine withdrawal—a later stage of smoking-related behavior. Additionally, we found that seeking smoking cessation treatment was associated with more severe nicotine withdrawal. The only difference in terms of patterns of nicotine withdrawal observed across the adults versus adolescents was a moderate class that emerged in the adults that was not observed in the adolescents. This moderate class was mostly comprised of individuals who reported high level of irritability, restlessness and increased appetite. This class was substantial in the adults (51%). Interestingly, only this moderate class retained a significant association with smoking persistence in the multivariate multinomial logistic regression model, after controlling for other measures of smoking behavior and psychopathology.
