SA was associated with onset of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis dependence, even after accounting for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and family history of alcohol use disorder, with the effects on cannabis dependence being stronger in males. This finding is largely, but not entirely, inconsistent with several prior studies that have examined this reciprocal path. For instance, one large-scale longitudinal study found a dose-dependent relationship between frequent cannabis use and SI (van Ours et al., 2013) in males but did not find evidence for prior SI predicting increases in cannabis use. Similarly, while numerous studies have reported that ever and current smoking (Lucas et al., 2013) are prospectively associated with suicide, at least one study found that prior suicide-related outcomes were not associated with subsequent current smoking (Covey et al., 2012). Despite this, increases in smoking subsequent to SA might reflect self-medication for depressed mood (Hughes, 2008). Finally, the role of both acute and chronic alcohol use in SA has also been closely studied (Bagge et al., 2008; Conner et al., 2014). Within this literature, there are several proposed pathways that support
