Total RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). Transcriptomic profiles were obtained using Agilent Whole Mouse Genome microarrays (4×44k). Microarray data and experimental details are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (accession number GSE73298 and GSE73299). For real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), 2 µg RNA samples were reverse-transcribed using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). Online supplementary file 2 presents the SYBR Green assay primers. Amplifications were performed using an ABI Prism 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). qPCR data were normalised to TATA-box-binding protein mRNA levels, and analysed with LinRegPCR.v2015.3.