The following ESEM models were conducted: (1) ASPD in the measurement part of the model, with the remaining 9 PDs and demographic covariates in the structural model; (2) All PDs including ASPD included in the structural model; (3) ASPD in the measurement part of the model, with alternative coding proposed by Trull and colleagues (2010); (4) a single latent variable for personality dysfunction defined by the 9 PDs in the structural model, with ASPD in the measurement model. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in the preliminary assessment of the general personality dysfunction factor. Finally, a CFA of both the PDs and the Axis I disorders was conducted to test the robustness of ESEM results.
