All subjects were personally interviewed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Nicotine Dependence (SSAND) which was developed specifically for COGEND and was modeled after the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA; Bucholz et al., 1994; Hesselbrock et al., 1999) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Robins et al., 1988). Nicotine dependence was assessed with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). In addition, the SSAND included assessments of DSM IV diagnoses of alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, major depressive disorder, panic attacks, social phobia, PTSD, ADHD, conduct disorder, and ASPD.
