We thus hypothesized that (1) parental closeness and monitoring would mediate the relationship between problematic parental substance use and adolescent substance use, and (2) parental closeness and monitoring would be a stronger predictor for female than male adolescents of the use of all substances except alcohol. Due to limited research on racial/ethnic differences in these relationships, we developed no specific hypotheses regarding the role of race/ethnicity in our mediational model.
