A final cognitive variable that may also result from stigma-related stress is negative self-schemas. In the cognitive model of depression, depressed cognitions involve negative views of the self, the environment, and the future (Beck et al., 1979). Both cognitive and schema-focused therapies for depression have shown promise in altering these maladaptive cognitions regarding the self (Young, Rygh, Weinberger, & Beck, 2007). Chronic exposure to discrimination, rejection, and abuse can be expected to lead to negative self-schemas. Indeed, studies have shown that LGB individuals have lower self-esteem than heterosexuals (Plöderl & Fartacek, 2005; Sandfort et al., 2003), and within-group studies of sexual minorities have revealed associations between low self-esteem and stigma-related stressors (e.g., Rosario et al., 1996). In turn, negative self-esteem is predictive of psychological distress, including suicidality (Savin-Williams & Ream, 2003; van Heeringen & Vincke, 2000).
