Chunk #44 — BRAIN SYSTEMS MODULATED BY ACH SIGNALING — ACH and stress-related systems

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Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior.

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ACh varies by brain area. The effect of increased cortical ACh levels on amygdala signaling has not been studied, but stress impairs PFC output (Arnsten, 2009), and PFC can normally decrease basolateral amygdala activity through projections to the intercalated nucleus (Manko et al., 2011; Pinard et al., 2012).