The ability of ACh to influence synaptic plasticity and dynamics of local circuits can also occur through astrocytic control of synaptic Ca2+ concentration following nAChR stimulation (Takata et al., 2011). Astrocytic signaling can lead to LTP as a result of the temporal coincidence of the postsynaptic activity and the astrocyte Ca2+ signal simultaneously evoked by cholinergic stimulation (Navarrete et al., 2012).
