Relative isoform abundances (PSI = percent spliced in) of Ensembl genes were estimated using MISO (http://genes.mit.edu/burgelab/miso/; version 0.5.2, run with default parameters 67). We processed the per-sample, per-gene MISO output files to extract the estimated PSI, as well as the standard deviations of the estimated sampled PSI values. We constructed corresponding sample-by-isoform matrices for all subsequent data processing and analysis (see “Isoform-level normalization and analysis” below).