In summary, our findings strengthen the case for the development and rigorous testing of treatments that target patients with different genetic risk profiles based on the chromosome 15q25 region that includes CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4. Those with the high/intermediate-risk haplotypes appear more biologically predisposed to have difficulty quitting without treatment, but this risk may be ameliorated by effective pharmacological treatment. Further research that identifies genes related to responsiveness to treatment for nicotine addiction may lead to treatment algorithms that further the promise of personalized medicine(40).
