Conversely, smaller brain volumes in women drinkers or in women with AUD compared to same-sex controls or men with AUD have also been demonstrated. For example, women with AUD exhibited a larger decrease in cortical thickness when compared to same-sex controls (mean difference in right precentral and right postcentral gyrus=0.402 mm and 0.358 mm, respectively) than did men with AUD compared to same-sex controls (mean difference in right insula and right medial frontal gyrus=0.291 mm and 0.328 mm, respectively) (Momenan et al., 2012). Further, a recent study showed that heavy drinking women had more gray matter loss than men, especially in the OFC; although the interaction effect was weak overall (Thayer et al.,2016). Structural data also suggests that years of heavy drinking in abstinent women with AUD may be associated with reduced frontal and temporal white matter (1-1.5% volume loss for each additional year of heavy drinking) (Ruiz et al., 2013), which is consistent with findings that women with AUD have greater alterations in white matter compared to men with AUD (Srivastava et al., 2010). Alcohol expectancy may be related
