As expected, PTSD is more prevalent in heroin dependent cases than controls [41.0% vs. 24.6%; OR 2.13 (1.66–2.74)]. Controlling for case status, greater risk for PTSD is observed in women than men [OR 2.30 (1.88–2.82)]. Lifetime substance dependence and depression diagnoses were generally more common in both cases and controls with PTSD than those without the disorder (Table 1). Cases and controls with PTSD had higher total BIS scores than their counterparts without PTSD.
