The damaging effects of PNEE on learning and memory have been reliably reported in many species. Here, we will focus on hippocampal-specific learning and memory behaviors in rodents and in human beings. In spatial object memory tasks where a child must remember the location of multiple objects on a semi-random grid, children with FAS were unable to recall objects after a delay and exhibited distorted spatial array when asked to recall where the objects were (236). Additional work with human beings with FASD is necessary to understand the manifestations of neural damage caused by PNEE. Future studies of spatial memory may utilize virtual 3D object-recognition tasks where the subject can undergo PET or fMRI scans while virtually exploring a space (237) as in (238).
