I) First the results from the CUD GWAS were adjusted by conditioning on the effects of a set of independent associated variants with smoking initiation30 using mtCOJO (Methods). The results, which are robust to confounding by shared genetic and environmental factors with smoking, supports that the CUD association is not strongly confounded by smoking (OR_corrected=0.759; P=4.44x10−09, Supplementary Table 8).
