Sex differences are frequently noted in the animal models of early neglect/deprivation (see for review, Gunnar and Vazquez, 2006). Unfortunately, whether the differences favor males or females is not consistent. Sex differences in cortisol responses to stressors are also reported for adults (Kirschbaum et al., 1999; Stroud et al., 2002); but these differences may emerge with puberty (Gunnar and Vazquez, 2006). Regarding the rapid threat-response system, evidence for significant sex differences is remarkably rare, despite clinical evidence that females may be more at risk for anxiety and trauma-induced anxiety disorders than males (Breslau et al., 1997; Jorm, 1987; Renard et al., 2005). In studies of the impact of ELS on fear-potentiated startle in rodents and non-human primates, few sex differences are reported, despite significant increases in startle as a function of ELS (De Jongh et al., 2005; Sanchez et al., 2005). Regarding measures of PFC systems, there is some evidence from adult studies of frontal EEG asymmetry that when participants are asked to generate an emotion state, females show a right-frontal EEG bias while males do not; however, these effects
