Our study sample consisted of 42.8% European American adolescents, 29.8% African American adolescents, 6.0% Latino adolescents, 5.1% Asian American adolescents, 2.0% American Indian adolescents, 0.8% Pacific Islander adolescents, and 13.4% adolescents with multiple ethnic or racial backgrounds. Forty-nine percent of the adolescents were female and 34.7% were from single-parent families. Gross annual household income measured in middle adolescence ranged from $4,999 or less to $90,000 or more, with a median value of $30,000–$39,999. Primary caregivers’ education ranged from “no formal schooling” to “graduate degree,” with a median value corresponding to “partial college.” Although some participants were lost to attrition by the last wave of data collection, the demographic composition of the sample remained essentially the same. By age 23, a majority of the young adults from this community-based sample reported having used tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana at least once.
