strong similarity to the plot in Fig. 4a, again with the neocortex and cerebellum displaying the least internal heterogeneity. In contrast, subcortical regions with many well-defined nuclei show the greatest local heterogeneity, including the myelencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, hippocampus and hypothalamus. It is also possible to identify genes with either brain-wide (global) or within structure (local) ubiquity (Supplementary Table 8). Not surprisingly, these gene sets are enriched for cellular organelles and ‘housekeeping’ functions (for example, ribosome, mitochondrion, metabolism).