Participants were interviewed with the revised version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA-R)19, 20, modified to ensure lifetime coverage of DSM-IV childhood disorders. All questions asked of the child were asked of the mother as they pertained to the child. Disruptive behavior disorders included conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD, assessed without regard for the presence of CD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
