every individual are known [Bourgain et al., 2003]. Furthermore, the χ2 test can be easily performed for multiallelic data, including the presence of rare alleles. To improve power, a quasi-likelihood score (QLS) test has also been proposed [Bourgain et al., 2003]. The QLS test is derived from the quasi-likelihood framework and also accounts for the correlations among individuals. However, the QLS test can lead to negative values for estimated allele frequencies, particularly when alleles are rare, thus making it less applicable to general situations than the corrected χ2 test. Finally, all such proposed corrections for relatedness to date assume knowledge of the relationships in the sample.
