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Chunk #0 — INTRODUCTION

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Associations between the CADM2 gene, substance use, risky sexual behavior, and self-control: A phenome-wide association study.
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Risky behaviors, such as substance use (e.g., nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis) and unprotected sexual contact, are important factors contributing to physical and mental health problems. 2 As a result, these risk factors for morbidity and mortality 3 are included in the global Sustainable Development Goals, set up and agreed on by all member states of the United Nations in 2015 to ensure more healthy lives and promote quality of life worldwide. 4 For instance, substance use contributes to approximately 12% of deaths worldwide, 5 due to factors such as an increased risk of respiratory and vascular diseases, various forms of cancer, stroke, suicide, or overdose. 6 Approximately 4% of the global burden of disease, as measured in disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), 7 is attributable to alcohol and tobacco use and 0.8% to illicit drugs. 5 Furthermore, risky sexual behavior (e.g., unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners) contributes another 6.3% of the total global burden of disease, as it is associated with the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or cervical cancer. 6 , 8