for the most part unchanged. According to an 1880 census report, fewer African Americans compared to European Americans died from alcoholism: 0.7 per thousand deaths for African Americans, compared to 6.7 for Irish, 2.7 for Germans, and 2.5 for other Whites (U.S. Census Office (1886) cited in Herd, 1991 and James & Johnson, 1996), providing support for the view that drinking rates were low in the African American population.
