These results indicate that across a wide range of cultures and countries, men are generally more likely than women to report negative consequences from drinking; however, this difference varies by type of consequence. Gender differences were least for the two high endorsement consequences (headache or nausea and felt effects) and for guilt or remorse and household work or chores. Gender differences were greatest for drinking to get over bad effects, morning drinking, and fights after drinking, followed by negative consequences related to work, finances, injury and marriage/intimate relationships. Taken together, these results suggest that gender differences are least for minor short-term acute effects and greatest for consequences that result from chronic consumption or dependence and for drinking-related social problems that involve behaviors associated with male roles (e.g., breadwinner -- finances) and male-associated behaviors, such as aggression (46). These results are partly consistent with previous conclusions by Robbins (47) based on U.S. survey data that women are more likely to experience “intrapsychic” problems from drinking and drug use while men are more likely to experience social consequences. The greater gender difference
