In contrast to resting state EEG recordings, COGA also records EEG when participants are engaged in cognitive/behavioral tasks. Studies focusing on neural responses to discrete stimuli or in relation to behavioral responses typically measure ERP responses and EROs. ERPs reflect changes in voltage across time following the presentation of a stimulus or the emission of a response, relative to a pre‐stimulus baseline in the time domain. 72 These small voltage fluctuations are difficult to see in a single trial, so by averaging this activity across trials, Activity that is time‐locked in relation to the event of interest summates while activity unrelated to the stimulus cancels out. ERP response is quantified in terms of positive‐ and negative‐going peaks or ‘components’ in the average signal waveform within particular time windows. Positive and negative ERP components are designated “P” and “N” respectively and numbered to reflect the approximate timing in milliseconds, or latency, of their peak (e.g., P300, N400). 72 Earlier ERP components are theorized to reflect sensory and more ‘automatic’ processes related to perceptual registration of an event, whereas later components are
