Family conflict was measured using three 4-point Likert scales (1 ‘definitely yes’, 2 ‘yes’, 3 ‘no’, 4 ‘definitely no’), with questions including “We argue about the same things in my family over and over”, “People in my family often insult and yell at each other” and “People in my family have serious arguments” (alpha = .81). Closeness to each parent was measured using three items: “Do you feel close to/share your thoughts and feelings with/enjoy spending time with your mother/father?” (same responses as family conflict, alpha=.85). Parent disapproval of drinking was measured using 2 items: “How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to drink (beer or wine)/(spirits) regularly?” (1 ‘not wrong at all’ to 4 ‘very wrong’).
