each group (AUD and controls) were successfully scanned. Thus, the final sample comprised thirty male participants with AUD (mean age (SD) = 41.42 (7.31) years) and thirty unaffected male controls (mean age (SD) = 27.44 (4.74) years). The race distribution of the sample was: Black/African American = 25; White/European American = 9; Asian = 21; American Indian = 1; More than one race = 2; and Unknown = 2. Participants with AUD were recruited from alcohol treatment centers in and around New York City after they had been detoxified and were abstinent for at least 30 days prior to testing. Some of the participants from the AUD group had consumed tobacco (n = 20) and/or marijuana (n = 10) during the last 6 months (but not at least 5 days before testing). None of the participants were in withdrawal for alcohol or any other drugs (including for nicotine) at the time of testing. Individuals for the control group (CTL) were recruited through advertisements and screened to exclude any personal or family history of major medical, psychiatric, or substance-related disorders. None of the participants from the control group ever met the diagnosis of substance dependence or abuse (DSM-IV), although some of
