Norman et al. (2011). This longitudinal study involved 38 adolescents ages 12–14 years with limited histories of alcohol use. During scanning, participants carried out a go/no-go task that consisted of a sequence of trials in which either a fixation cross or a blue shape was presented. Participants were asked to press a button when they saw a go stimulus (e.g., large circle), but to refrain from pressing the button (inhibit their response) when they saw a less frequent, no-go stimulus (e.g., small square). There were no significant group differences in task performance. Following scanning, adolescents and their parents were followed up annually with interviews covering drinking and other behaviours. Based on follow-up data, youth were classified as AU youth (defined as transitioning to heavy use of alcohol; n = 21; 10 females) or as non-AU youth (no heavy drinking episodes; n = 17; 9 females). Looking back at the baseline fMRI data when both groups were 13–14 years of age, AU youth showed less task-relevant activation than non-AU youth during inhibitory trials in 12 brain regions (left dlPFC, left superior
