The TOPMed variation data also present an opportunity to examine expectations about rare variation, and to specifically investigate which studies show distinct patterns of variation that might be expected to provide unique insights. To do this, we grouped TOPMed participants by study and by population group, and calculated genetically determined ancestry components, heterozygosity, number of singletons and rare variant sharing (Fig. 4, Supplementary Table 13 and Supplementary Data 1).
